Taiwan
Taiwan is often confused with China. You will even see Taiwan listed as a province of China in many place. This is due to a long-term controversy in which China claims Taiwan as it's territory, while Taiwan declares independence.
To remove any doubts, Taiwan has it's own government, military, and is indeed very independent. It is, however, also very tiny compared to China, and so, have a very hard time making the rest of the world aware of it's existence, while China is doing the opposite.
In older times, Taiwan was part of China. Then became part of Japan, and was later taken back by the R.O.C - Republic of China, which is another name for Taiwan.
The technical difference between Taiwan and China is that while Taiwan is territory belonging to R.O.C, the landmass known as China, belongs to P.R.O.C. (P for Peoples.)
While not being the same countries, the two places have very similar, although not identical roots and culture.
They do however not have very similar democratic and human rights.